Moderator’s Note: Dear members, we are happy to post the Consolidated Reply (CR) of the Query on Livelihood Development through Animal Husbandry for Leprosy-related Rehabilitation – Experiences. We thank members for sharing their valuable knowledge and experiences. Your active participation, queries, responses, critiques and suggestions are welcome for the progress of our Community. We hope this forum significantly impacts development scenario in Indonesia particularly in providing useful solutions for difficult issues in the Economic Development sector. Best regards, Thamrin Simanjuntak
Solution Exchange for the Economic Development Community
Consolidated Reply
Query: Livelihood Development through Animal Husbandry for Leprosy-related Rehabilitation - Experiences.
Compiled by Thamrin Simanjuntak, Moderator and Dewi Gayatri, Research Assistant
Issue Date: 29 September 2009
From Yahya Dikan, Yayasan Transformasi Lepra Indonesia (YTLI), Bekasi
Posted 6 May 2009
My name is Yahya Dikan and I am an Advisor of the Village Based Comprehensive Rehabilitation (VBCR) program for Yayasan Transformasi Lepra Indonesia in the East Nusa Tenggara region.
The organization was established in July 2007 and has been supported by The Leprosy Mission (TLM) since the beginning of its operations in Indonesia . The organization implements several programs on leprosy, like advocacy, programming of community health, community based programs and village based rehabilitation program focusing in East Nusa Tenggara. The aim of the program is to support people with leprosy by improving their knowledge and ability in the social and economic aspects and to improve their livelihood. This program will also be applied in other provinces such as South Sulawesi, East Java, and Central Java . (For more information please visit http://www.transformasilepra.org)
Currently, we are supporting goats and cattle breeding project in Adonara Island , in the district of East Flores. This activity will be further expanded in other areas where the communities are poor, and handicapped due to leprosy. The program activities include economic growth and covers savings and loans, husbandry, household industry and sustainable agriculture.
However, we have been facing barriers in program implementation due to lack of information and practical guidance. We have provided 40 etawa goats for 40 beneficiaries and also offered 160 Bali cows. However after we distributed the cattle to the beneficiaries, the mortality rate of the cattle rose. This is probably because the cattle were not always kept in the barn and were let out to wander around. This also occurred during the time of high rain fall and when the grasses are green and sustain a lot of water.
We request the members to give practical guidance regarding the following:
- What is the experience of managing breeding of etawa goats and Bali cows, or any other livestock in such situations?
- How these programmes have been managed if it involved savings and loans? Is there a standard financial calculation?
- Are there successful experiences of managing such programmes, which we can use?
Responses were received, with thanks, from
1. Christianto, Smallholder Agribusiness Development Initiative, East Nusa Tenggara
2. Hartoyo, Our Voice, Jakarta
3. Anugerah F. Zendrato, Puspenas Foundation, Nias, North Sumatera
4. Rudy Krisbiantoro, Multivalent Prima, Semarang, Central Java
5. Harry Haryanto KA, Development Practitioner, Banda Aceh, Aceh
6. Ibrahim Ahmad, Tanjung Hagu Foundation, Pidie, Aceh
7. Petrus D. Daswanto, ICON Training Center , Jakarta
8. Diah Asri Erowati, Center for Environmental Technology BPPT, Jakarta
9. Iwan Rudi Saktiawan, Handicap International, Banda Aceh, Aceh
10. Safnal Rasyad Kabu, NGO’s Practitioner, Afulu, Nias, North Sumatera
Further contributions are welcome!
Members shared their experiences and provided suggestions in response to the query from Yahya Dikan on husbandry particularly Etawa Goats and Cows. They also provided related financial calculation to support this type of husbandry and explained technical details of raising cattle particularly etawa goats, covering appropriate feeding, vaccines and drinking water, and technical construction of barns.
Members described scientific details of etawa goats feeding and their schedule to avoid goats from wandering out to eat the grass wet from the night dew. The feed needed is minimum 10% of the animal weight. So if the goat’s weight is 70 kg, the feed needed is at least 7 kg/day/head. The balance in the feed calculated thus, must contain 80% of greeneries and 20% peas-based greeneries such as peas or jackfruit, gamal or peanut and grains for example tofu, soya or corn wastes; cassava or rice wastes. In addition, members noted providing goats with B-complex vitamins and minerals blocks that can be replaced with mineral salts. Members then recommended providing regular worm vaccine or vermicide in limited amounts to avoid the animal from being intoxicated. They suggesting replacing the vermicide purchased from public markets or utilization of organic vermicide with fruit from leucaena glauca (petai cina).
Regarding cattle health treatment particularly providing vaccine, members stressed the importance of administering the treatment by maintaining physical cattle identification using tag earning numbers or a hot iron stamp with a big number on the upper part of the cow’s body above its back leg, observable from 10 meters distance. The numbers will be recorded when the cattle receive medical treatment. The numbers also function as identification for location, thus the numbers are also recorded when the cattle is moved to another place.
As a part of raising and maintaining cattle, members also shared details on the technical preparation of barns for etawa goat. They recommended constructing a stage shaped about 1 meter above the ground and reminded that drinking water always be available in the barns. In rainy season, warmth must be ensured by using lighting or furnace and providing plastic covers. The Goats’ bed floor must be cleaned, all kinds of waste from the goats or left over of the feed must be put away from the barns and can be processed to become compost or fertilizer, suggested respondents. The goats must get some time in the sun at least every two days in the morning to keep the goats in good condition.
Members also recognized programmes of raising cattle which combined financial services to facilitate the growth of husbandry. In relation to this aspect of the discussion, members shared their experience on applying the Islamic (syariah) financial system in facilitating microfinance activities such as providing loans for animal husbandry which includes conducting a feasibility analysis before the distribution of the loan and then providing technical assistance through experts on breeding and animal health.
Regarding income projection as a part of financial services, members explained the use of an intensive system in cattle raising by which feed is made from food wastes such as coffee skin, cocoa skin and corncob, fermented with bacteria bio nutrient namely EM3, Starbio and also other feed materials such as rice pollard, molasses, mixture fertilizer and multi vitamin and mineral is provided to the cattle and after 3 – 4 months, the weight of the etawa goat will increase from 20 kg to 80 kg.
Discussing development projects which provided loans in terms of cattle distribution and combined with financial projection, respondents recommended selecting an appropriate schedule to achieve optimal projected income. Members observed that early or late distribution of livestock to the beneficiaries can affect the cost of cattle maintenance and cause a lower profitability. For example distributing the goats three or four months before the fasting month (Ramadan) or distributing cattle close to the new school session when it might be sold for tuition fees and school materials, when market demand season is high. Members observed some misconduct of cattle distribution. Therefore members suggested putting police stamp in the agreement of cattle distribution to prevent these problems since beneficiaries pay greater attention to legal agreements.
Further, discussants underlined the principle of program implementation, and suggested facilitating husbandry activities and conducting training by coordinating with government offices, donors, training institutions and local community organizers in the following manner:
1. Coordinate with local government office of animal husbandry, local academic such as Bogor Agriculture Institute and involve local resource person and local community organization to conduct training. This thus, their availability to assist farmers after they begin maintaining husbandry.
2. Coordinate with local government program to obtain fund or to be included as program participants, such as PNPM Mandiri which implements poverty reduction strategies for rural areas, including the facilitation of savings and loans activities.
3. Apply Business Development Service Provider (BDSP) approach to develop partnerships amongst stakeholders of agriculture or small industries.
4. Provide technical assistance to facilitate village-based cattle business for community, such as building a big barn, training to process cattle’s waste for biogas and establishing farmer groups to work collectively in maintaining the cattle.
On the whole, members noted the details of raising cattle especially etawa goats particularly in a tropical climatic zone which holds great growth prospects in the husbandry agribusiness. By providing suggestions, members also laid significance on maintaining coordination and collaboration with stakeholders involved in the activities towards effectively undertaking sustainable agribusiness.
Aceh
Involve Local Trainers to be Available for Post-Training (from Iwan Rudi Saktiawan, Handicap International)
Handicap International conducted training before the distribution of cattle and the training became the eligibility criteria to receive further assistance. The trainers and resource person came from local institutions which will be available to sustain the technical assistance once participants continued to have questions once they started breeding activities. This post-training communication helped minimize the constraints that usually occurs in the field.
From Ibrahim Ahmad, Tanjung Hagu Foundation
Etawa Goats Treatment of Appropriate Feeding and Barns, Pidie
Etawa goats needed an appropriate feed such as mixture of dried cocoa skin, soft paddy waste, minced sago, crushed corn, coconut waste, soybean waste, sugar cane molasses and salt. Therefore Tanjung Hagu provided technical assistance for free to develop farmers’ ability in breeding etawa goats and providing appropriate feeding. Technical assistance also included construction of the floor and barns using bamboo and placement of barn on a stage measuring 1 meter above the ground.
Microfinance to Support Husbandry, Pidie
Tanjung Hagu applied the syariah financial system which includes providing loans for animal husbandry. Before loans disbursement, Tanjung Hagu conducted a feasibility analysis such as economical, operational, entrepreneurial and environmental feasibility and then also provided technical assistance by providing breeding experts and animal health expert (veterinarian). They carried out these technical assistances for free except for the purchasing of medicines.
From Petrus D. Daswanto, ICON Training Center , Jakarta
Bengkulu
Cows’ Identification for Cattle Health Status Monitoring, North Bengkulu District
To make control activities ease and clear, all cattle purchased, distributed and health care are documented and reported periodically. For example cattle numbering as identification is undertaken by using a hot iron stamp on the cow’s body on its upper part above its back leg, or by putting a earring with a numbered label on the cattle’s ear. These numbers on each cattle, organizes control activities particularly handling for health and movement receipt in case of losing cattle in a field.
Agreement Using Police Stamp to Prevent Misconduct of Program Objectives, North Bengkulu District
In a program providing cattle loans, many beneficiaries violate the agreement. For example they reported a new-born calf to be dead, but actually sold it off; reported a cow to be sick or injured and the need to slaughter it, but actually slaughtered it for meat; kept a cow in the same cage but transferred ownership secretly; reporting cattle sold as lost or stolen. Therefore, the prevent this mal-practice, the new agreement letter carries a police stamp to indicate acknowledgement by the police.
Recommended Documentation
From Christianto, Agribusiness Development Initiative (SADI), East Nusa Tenggara
PNPM Mandiri Rural Agribusiness, Province of East Nusa Tenggara
Article; Smallholder Agribusiness Development Initiative (SADI), PNPM Agribisnis Pedesaan; Bahasa Indonesia version available at http://nusataniterpadu.wordpress.com
Describes project activities and results in facilitating agribusiness activities, such as conducting workshops to reduce agriculture risks, cattle feeding and possibility of investors
List of PNPM Mandiri Rural Program in Provinces and Districts
Database; Ministry of Home Affairs, Directorate General Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Desa; English and Bahasa Indonesia version available at http://www.ppk.or.id/kontak_ppk_kabupaten.xls (Excel, Size: 415 KB)
Provides contact address of secretariat of PNPM Mandiri in each district and province to facilitate local government, NGO and communities in rural development program
Introduction to Business Development Services
Project brief; by Tito, Smallholder Agribusiness Development Initiative (SADI), PNPM Agribisnis Pedesaan; October 2008; Bahasa Indonesia version available at http://nusataniterpadu.wordpress.com/2008/10/09/mengenal-bds/
Describes mechanism of BDS involving stakeholders and players such as facilitator, providers, donor agencies and small business which covers husbandry and cattle feeding
BDS Indonesia
Project brief; SADI, PNPM Agribisnis Pedesaan; October 2008; Bahasa Indonesia version available at http://nusataniterpadu.wordpress.com/2008/10/18/fokus-pelibatan-bdsp-di-bulan-oktober-2008/
Informs BDS providers facilitated by SADI and network of national and international NGOs, donors and UN agencies to support small business such as cattle agribusiness
From Safnal Rasyad Kabu, NGO’s Practitioner, Afulu, Nias, North Sumatera
Prima Tani Extension ini Mangelang, Village had 1,500 Cows
Article; Department of Agriculture, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Jakarta, Indonesia; 7 December 2007; Bahasa Indonesia version available at
http://primatani.litbang.deptan.go.id/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=179 (PDF, Size: 7KB)
Informs on the utilization of methane biogas from cow dung to heat 700 kg of cow feeding for 1500 cows on a daily basis managed as batches of 25 cows each per farmers group
Fill the Needs of Fuel with Biogas from Cattle Wasted
Article; Department of Agriculture, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; 2 December 2008, Bahasa Indonesia version available at
http://www.litbang.deptan.go.id/berita/one/655/)
Describes details of process to produce methane biogas from cow dung using drum for 200 liters which produces methane biogas from second until eighth week for 3 – 4 hours cooking
Husbandry of Etawa Goats (from Dewi Gayatri, Research Assistant)
Book; by Tony Setiawan and Arsa Tanius; Penebar Swadaya; Jakarta ; Permission Required: Yes, Paid Publication; Bahasa Indonesia version of ordering details available at http://penebar-swadaya.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=35_33&products_id=456&osCsid=5masuu05hi2h07qaumqd4thmu0
Guides the maintenance of goats husbandry for farmers and practitioners including business and economic prospective to manage cattle agribusiness particularly etawa goat
Recommended Organizations and Programmes
Multivalent Prima, Semarang , Central Java (from Rudy Krisbiantoro)
Jalan Tlogosari selatan H 12, Semarang 50198, Central Java, Indonesia; Tel.: +62-24-70774994; Fax: +62-24-76745605; multivalentprima@gmail.com
Trades on agricultural products particularly seeds which is useful for cattle feeding to support sustainable livelihood and economic activities in rural area
Tanjung Hagu Foundation, Peukan Baru, Pidie, Aceh (from Ibrahim Ahmad)
Desa Tanjung Hagu, Kecamatan Peukan Baro, Kabupaten Pidie, Aceh , Indonesia ; Tel.: +62-813-60183330; ibra_tanjong@yahoo.com
Provides support to improve families’ life qualities through livelihood activities particularly sustainable agriculture and livestock productions in rural area
Handicap International, London , England (from Iwan Rudi Saktiawan)
Can Mezzanine, 32-36 Loman Street, London , SE1 0EH , England ; Tel.: +44-870-7743737; hi-uk@hi-uk.org; http://www.handicap-international.org.uk/page_578.php
Facilitates disabled people by managing specific services and raising awareness within the community regarding the abilities of disabled people in all activities including husbandry
Heifer Indonesia , Sumatera Utara (from Hartoyo, Our Voice, Jakarta )
Jalan Mengkara No. 57, Medan Petisah, North Sumatera, 20112, Indonesia ; Tel.: +62-61-4157121; Fax: +62-61-4157161; heifer@heiferindonesia.org; http://beta.heiferindonesia.org/
Experienced in implementing goat husbandry project by providing two female goats and one male goat to each family and vegetable seeds to grow for goat feeding
University Nusa Cendana, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Kupang (from Harry Haryanto KA, Development Practitioner, Banda Aceh)
Jalan Adi Sucipto, Penfui, P.O. Box 104 , Kupang 85001 , East Nusa Tenggara , Indonesia ; Tel.: +62-380-881580; Fax: +62-380-821674; http://www.undana.ac.id/item.php?id=32
Facilitates studies of animal sciences and husbandry, includes access to experts, manage registered forum of discussion, events, articles which benefit for students and practitioners
From Christianto, Smallholder Agribusiness Development Initiative (SADI), East Nusa Tenggara
PNPM Mandiri Pedesaan, Jakarta
Jalan Medan Merdeka Barat No. 3, Jakarta 10110 , Indonesia ; Tel.: +62-21-3860565; Fax: +62-21- 3534695; http://www.ppk.or.id
Alleviates poverty, strengthens local government and community institutions through national programs of community empowerment such as village based livestock projects
PNPM Agribisnis Pedesaan, Province of East Nusa Tenggara
Jalan Anggur No 10 A, Kebun Raja Naikoten I, Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur , Indonesia ; Tel./Fax: +62-380-823937; http://nusataniterpadu.wordpress.com/
Informs program activities, progress and achievement to alleviate poverty and support small business includes cattle raising and husbandry in the province of East Nusa Tenggara
From Diah Asri Erowati, Center for Environmental (BPPT) Technology, Jakarta
Center for Environmental (BPPT) Technology, Jakarta
Jalan M. H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia; Tel.: +62-21-3168200; Fax: +62-21-3904573; humas@bppt.go.id; http://www.bppt.go.id
Provides information on research and application of technology in Indonesia includes agricultural and cattle feeding and provides links to related organizations and online forum
Faculty of Veterinary, Bogor Agriculture Institute, West Java
Jalan Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor , West Java, Indonesia; Tel.: +62-251-629460; Fax: +62-251-629460; fkhipb@ipb.ac.id; http://fapet.ipb.ac.id/
Provides information of faculty activities such as schedule of study, seminar, facilitates online forum and provides up dated journal of science and technology of husbandry
Recommended Communities and Networks
From Dewi Gayatri, Research Assistant
BDS Indonesia
http://bds-indonesia.info/asosiasi.htm; sekretariat.bds@gmail.com; Tel./Fax: +62-21-8312223
Informs purposes and services of BDS association in Indonesia such as network, publication, training to support micro, small & medium enterprises such as agricultural and cattle products
Forum for Agriculture Discussion
http://www.deptan.go.id/dialog/diskusi.htm; pusdatin@deptan.go.id; Tel.: +62-21-7822803; Fax: +62-21-7816385
Provides information and facilitates online forum of agriculture includes husbandry, research, trades, policies, products processing, quality standard, national and international marketing
Recommended Portals and Information Bases
Etawa Goats as a Real Investment (from Diah Asri Erowati, BPPT, Center for Environmental Technology, Jakarta )
http://kambingetawa.blogspot.com; bondandk@yahoo.co.id; Bondan Danu Kusuma,SE; Tel. : +62-812-2958595
Provides information on etawa goat husbandry and provides services of selling cattle feeding, goat milk, manure,tags earring numbers and technical assistance to develop stable
From Dewi Gayatri, Research Assistant
Cattle of Etawa Goats
http://kambingonline.net/; habib@kambingonline.net; wahid@kambingonline.net;
Facilitates online trades of etawa goats, information on market price and facilitate forum of goat husbandry particularly for practitioners of cattle agribusiness
Penebar Swadaya Grroup
http://www.penebar-swadaya.com/newps/; redaksi@penebar-swadaya.com
Informs book’s catalog related to agriculture, fishery and husbandry including etawa goats which is useful for independent farmers and practitioners
Christianto, SADI (Smallholder Agribusiness Development Initiative), East Nusa Tenggara
Please let me introduce myself, my name is Christianto and I am involved in community development agenda in East Nusa Tenggara at PNPM Rural Agribusiness, a pilot program which was developed within SADI Project (Smallholder Agribusiness Development Initiative). Information about this program can be accessed at http://nusataniterpadu.wordpress.com or http://www.sadi.or.id
By directly answering the query, I have tried to share my experiences.
For the first question which is about experiences on etawa goats, Bali’s cattle or other livestock breeding support activities; Basically, any economic development agenda which is based either on agriculture or small industries requires cooperation among its stakeholders. There is a concept that may be applied here which is to develop partnerships with BDSP (Business Development Service Provider). By applying this concept YTLI can develop relationships with the institutions that have the relevant expertise to solve the problems in the target groups or beneficiaries.
Regarding the current issues on appropriate technology and knowledge transfer for animal husbandry, we could cooperate with the Government Office for Animal Husbandry, Research Institutes, NGOs or even with private companies who understand and may able to solve the problems. In the future, they may also have problems with market access or financial access. Therefore various synergies can be developed with these institutions which are very competent on that field.
More about BDSP can be accessed at
http://nusataniterpadu.wordpress.com/2008/10/18/fokus-pelibatan-bdsp-di-bulan-oktober-2008/
In the above address, you can read one of the processes we applied in creating partnerships with other institutions involved in similar programs.
The concept of BDSP can be accessed at
http://nusataniterpadu.wordpress.com/2008/10/09/mengenal-bds/
The second question: If this program is related to the savings and loans facilities, how should we manage them? Is there a standard on its financial calculations?
In connection with this and considering your location which is in East Flores , you may have heard about the poverty reduction strategies developed by the government, namely PNPM Mandiri for rural areas. It seems that you can do something in synergy by applying those strategies. This is because the PNPM Mandiri has institutions that can become a meeting medium for works done on community development, particularly in East Flores . (See also: www.ppk.or.id)
PNPM Mandiri, in rural areas, developed micro credit activities for each district including East Flores region. In every district, PNPM Mandiri distributes credit which reaches the amount of one to three billion rupiah. In sub-districts, these activities were being managed by an organization called Activity Management Unit (UPK) accompanied by a Sub-District Facilitator.
You can meet with Bpk. Anton Silvester from PNPM Mandiri in East Flores District, or please just send an email to me to get his contact number.
Hartoyo, Our Voice, Jakarta
I have some experiences on community development through animal husbandry activities while I worked with Heifer Indonesia .
Indeed, goats are very sensitive to weather changes. The most practical advice is to try to involve a veterinarian in the program.
Actually there are a number of preventive methods that can be applied:
1. Try to avoid letting the goats out in the field to eat in the morning when the grass is still wet due to the night dew. This is not a problem for the livestock in the barn.
2. Ensure the grass and the greeneries are obtained from a safe place which is not contaminated with poisons.
3. Even if the goats are put in the barns, make sure that they get some time in the sun. Every two days in the morning, the goats should be released from the barns; this will help to keep the goats in good condition.
4. Do not only feed them grass but also other kinds of leaves or greeneries such as peas or jackfruit. The leaves from peas could be kinds of petai cina, gamal or peanut. Ensure the pea leaves are withered before giving it to the goats; this will remove the toxic content.
The leaves from peas contain high protein and it is needed by the livestock while the grass contains a lot of carbohydrate. In addition, the leaves are easily available and cheaper because farmers do not have to buy them.
5. Besides greeneries, the goats can also eat grains. This kind of animal feed is usually more expensive. For example tofu, soya or corn wastes; cassava or rice wastes.
Because the goats usually find it difficult to eat a new kind of feed, we must give it to them gradually until the goats become familiar with it. These kinds of feed are very good for pregnant goats or goats with new offspring and surely for the rest of the goats too. In principle, the more and various types of feed they eat the better the protein content.
6. The feed balance can be put in percentages; 80% for greeneries and 20% from peas-based greeneries. There is no need to weight the feed precisely we may use bags or baskets to measure. The feed needed is minimum 10% of the animal weight. Therefore the percentage of feed and grain given should be balanced. So if the goat’s weight is 70 kg, the feed needed at least 7 kg/day/head. Then from 7 kg, the greeneries should be at least 80%, 20% leaves from peas and 2% from kinds of grains.
Notes: We had better not provide more grain-based feed since goats are kinds of mammal species with a stomach structured into 4 that is able to process the types of fibers in grass or greeneries. There is a kind of bacteria in the animal stomach that process the feed to become protein. If there is too many grain-based feed, the bacteria can not work to the maximum. Plus the cost of such kind of feed is also higher. The principle on cattle feed is that it is cheap and easily obtained.
7. Regularly (every three months) give worm vaccine or vermicide; utilize the vermicide that is sold in public markets and follow the appropriate dose. But, do not give the vermicide to pregnant animals because it might cause miscarriage. If you practice chemical free way of breeding, vermicide can be replaced with fruit from petai cina in limited amount to avoid the animal from being intoxicated.
8. Drinking water should always be available in the barns. The water should be taken from a secure source, it could be the same source of the water we are using.
9. In the rainy season or in a cold night, provide warmth using adequate lighting or furnace in the barns. If there is a lot of rain and wind or in changing weather, provide plastic covers. This is because goats are also sensitive to cold temperatures.
10. In addition to greeneries feed and grains, provide the goats with B-complex vitamins and minerals. If the vitamin B-complex is available in public markets, apply by injections based on the dose. It is also important to feed them minerals which are also sold in the stores, it called mineral blocks. Mineral blocks can also be replaced with the mineral salt.
Put the salt in a coconut shell with a tiny hole and put those in the barns hanging so that the goats will lick the shells. Salt with iodine is better and very useful as such minerals are good to make the bones and teeth strong. The number of coconut shells should be adjusted to the number of goats in the barns so that they all can get it.
11. Female goats should be separated from the males if they are pregnant or have just given birth. This is because the males tend to be wild while those particular females must feel safe from the interference of other goats.
12. In the hot weather and when the goats look dirty, wash them with water and soap. Do this on sunny days and not when it is rainy. Similarly, if there is a source of infectious disease or there are goats that have got scabs, try to clean the barns with disinfectant and clean the floor with water.
13. If there is a sick goat, separate it from the others. For skin disease, put kerosene or sulfur to the infected skin regularly. If the mouth is infected, put eatable turmeric and lime on the infection. Separate this goat to prevent the disease from spreading to the others.
If there is too much gas in the stomach, push the goats to drink soda, you can use a hosepipe made from papaya leaves. Then massage the belly towards the anus to release the gas. We could use the soft drinks such as Sprite. The other way is to keep the goats walking.
You can also puncture the stomach with a sharp pointed bamboo but this is risky for unskilled farmers.
14. Build barns with stage-like structures; it is safe and healthy. If you are using the ground as a floor, try to clean the floor more often. But I recommend the stage design.
Put the barns at least 10 meters from the house considering the people’s health. If there is insecurity due to thieves, you can put the barns closer to the house but keep the barns clean and without a bad smell by spreading kitchen dust in the barns’ floor.
Goat’s dung should be collected as often as possible and can be used as a fertilizer.
In addition, I have experience in providing training on medical treatment and prevention for farmer groups using the traditional approach and medicine. In Sumatera, we called the trained farmers as Sukakeswan or Volunteers for Animal Health. We have trained them for one week and then they will help other farmers in the village.
That is it for now, if you still have any question please submit it to the forum. Hopefully these are useful.
Anugerah F. Zendrato, Puspenas Foundation, Nias, North Sumatera
We have been carrying out a similar program to empower the community’s economy. We, through Puspenas Foundation, are assisting the people on Nias Island with development activities on animal husbandry and we also provided them with pigs and goats.
Referring to what has been mentioned by Yahya on his query, we do not know whether the cattle breed is from local source or from sources outside the region. We also do not know whether the beneficiaries or the farmer groups are already familiar with animal husbandry activities. If they are not familiar with it and have no experiences, it is very difficult to reach the level of achievement that we have planned.
Here are some suggestions below:
1. Try to cooperate with the local Government Office of Animal Husbandry.
2. It is better if the breed of the animal is from a local source so that the cattle will adapt easily in the new location.
3. Make sure the beneficiaries are trained first so that they increase their knowledge and skill required for the new activities.
Rudy Krisbiantoro, Multivalent Prima, Semarang, Central Java
I can only give few inputs, as I am not directly involved in animal breeding.
Answering the first question, I suggest using the intensive system. This system can be applied to increase the weight of animals in which it takes only 3 to 4 months to increase the weight of an etawa goat from 20 kg to 80 or 100 kg. With such a short cycle, the cost of the activity is much lower. In this system the animal feed is made by fermenting food waste such as coffee skin, cocoa skin and corncob. The materials are fermented with bacteria called bio nutrient which is available in the market, namely: EM4, Starbio and others. The other feed materials are rice pollard, 1 to 2% molasses, 1% mixture of fertilizers (constituting urea, TSP and NPK), and multivitamin and minerals for cattle.
By applying conventional system, feed protein is on average of 0.5 to 0.8% but with this system the feed protein can reach up to 2.5 - 4.5% on average. Using bokashi can also help increase the weight of the animal but the weight gain is slow. (Bokashi-feed is the utilization of fermented feed materials to increase the effectiveness of animal stomach to absorb the nutrient). However, the feed formula depends on the materials available in that location.
By using the intensive system we can also build the barns in the form of battery design which is commonly used for chicken cages. These barns can be made from bamboo.
For the second question, I think the most secure system is applying the coaching method; where each breeder is responsible for the credit they have received. Purchase of the animals and preparation of the feed are taken care of by the supervisor/coach. As the purchasing of the animal and feed materials of all the breeders will be carried out together, in big amounts, the costs will be lower at per unit of animal or per unit of feed material. Even though there is additional expenditure, the market should be secured by the supervisor. Furthermore, the delivery of the cattle to the market is in large numbers which again reduces the transportation cost, especially if the breeding location is in remote area.
Harry Haryanto KA, Development Practitioner, Banda Aceh, Aceh
Basically, it is very simple to take care of both the animals (cows and goats). Death caused by feed matters is very rare. Bali cows are very adaptive. There are animal diseases that might cause death such as anthrax, snoring, jembrana disease or runny-nosed.
I can not identify the cause of death of the cows. It is better to report each case of death to the local government office of animal husbandry so the veterinarian can make the examination.
I suggest the Foundation to create a collaboration with that particular government office and the Animal Husbandry Department of Cendana University (Undana) at Kupang. You may contact Mrs. Marice, Mr. Mak Maten Mulik at Undana.
I just read an article in an email group which explained that there are 25 NGOs in NTT who did not have good cooperation with the government. They could be very good with community development activities, but lacked expertise in scientific or technical matters. I hope you have already created the collaboration.
Actually it is economical for each farmer to have 20 goats. If it is only for learning then it could be one goat. After the farmers obtain the skills, the number of goats should be increased for each farmer. We should not provide the opportunities for just some activities but for activities that give economic benefits. Try to calculate the break even points. How many goats minimum should be provided for each farmer? To give only one or two goats to one farmer will not help the community.
There is an etawa goats breeding facility at Central Lombok . This business is owned by one person but involves the community to take care of the goats and it utlilizes a profit sharing system.
Ibrahim Ahmad, Tanjung Hagu Foundation, Pidie, Aceh
In response to problems faced by Yahya, our colleague in East Flores , on etawa goats breeding:
According to our experience in developing farmers’ ability in breeding etawa goats, the goats actually need special treatments, starting from the construction of the barns, the feed that meets the requirement and the hygiene of the barns that should be routinely checked.
Barns:
Barns for etawa goat is made in a stage-shaped type of barn. Materials should not be expensive but easily obtainable which can be bamboo or other. Barn should be put on a stage about 1 meter above the ground. The barn’s floor should be made from bamboo lines with spaces about 1 cm from each line so that the goats’ dung can easily fall down to the ground and is easy to clean up.
Feeds:
The goats need to be fed at the right time and the amount of feed needs to be sufficient to meet their protein needs. Feeding schedule is as follows: Morning at eight, we give the mixed concentrate. It can be the mixture of skin of cocoa fruits dried and finely crushed, both soft and coarse paddy waste, minced sago, crushed corn, coconut waste, soybean waste, sugar cane molasses, and salt. Or other materials remaining from agricultural waste such as soybean skin, depending on what is available, can be a feed. Before noon, at ten, give the goats grass and leaves and drinking water. At four in the afternoon, give them grass and leaves again. (Gamal leaves are good but must be given after it is withered. For the grass type, elephant grass is good).
Barns Hygiene:
Barns should be kept clean. The Goats’ bed floor should be cleaned with broom each evening, and every week it should be cleaned with water and brush. Space under the barns should also be cleaned everyday. Put the goats’ dung away from the barns, do not leave the dirt near the barns as it will become a place for vermin to live, and eventually vermin can go to the goats’ skin and become parasites. All kinds of waste from the goats or left over of the feed should be put away from the barns and can be processed to become compost or fertilizer.
Animal Health:
If there is a sick goat, immediately have it checked and treated by a veterinarian. This is what we do in our institution, the veterinarian will periodically visit the breeding field. If a goat is dead, carry out an autopsy to find out the cause. The cause is often due to transportation and the long journey. The goats often stumbled and bang their chest on the truck floor. Also the animals’ health treatment should be based on the real cause, not only based on symptoms that might be similar for different diseases. Sometimes the sickness might seem like tuberculosis, but microscope examination might show that there is no TB bacterium in the goat.
These are the most important principles on etawa goats breeding.
If this program also includes savings and loans facilities, the implementation will become complex. In our program implementation, we apply the revolving method. The third child of a goat will be redistributed to other farmers, this will be repeated after three years.
To support microfinance activities, Tanjung Hagu Foundation applies the syariah financial system. Before providing loans for animal husbandry, we make a feasibility analysis on matters such as economical, operational, entrepreneurial and environmental feasibility. While for technical feasibility, we give assistance by providing breeding experts and animal health expert (veterinarian). These are carried out for free except for the purchasing of medicines.
Petrus D. Daswanto, ICON Training Center , Jakarta
I have documented some of the community-based cow breeding activities in North Bengkulu district.
If I start describing all the stories here, it may become a thick book, therefore I will only convey the unique stories or topics that we might not find in books.
Cows’ Administration:
This is often forgotten. All cattle purchased, distributed and taken care of must be documented, recorded and reported periodically. To make documentation possible, each cow must have something unique to differentiate it from the other cattle. Cattle numbering is one example of things that we could do. Using hot iron stamp we put numbers and code on the cow’s body on its upper part above its back leg. The numbers should be big enough to be seen easily from a distance of 10 meters. If cows are already numbered when they arrive, it is not necessary to put additional numbers. Numbering injures cows but they can be taken care of immediately by applying antiseptic on the wound. Another way of differentiating cows, which is usually used in foreign countries, is to make eartags. An earring with a numbered label is put on the cattle’s ear. With the numbers on each cattle, all the control activities, the handling for health, movement receipt, administration and other such tasks become easy and clear. If a cow was found lost in a field, then it would be simple to find the owner.
Agreement which involves the police:
An agreement is often needed for a donation program. Moreover, if the program is providing loans or assistance in kind, e.g. cows, the cows’ offspring will be redistributed to other beneficiaries as a revolving assistance. The involvement of the police only by putting the police’s stamp on the agreement letter indicates that the agreement is also acknowledged by the police. The impact of this police stamp is very significant. Beneficiaries will think twice before intentionally violating the agreement. Examples of misconducts include: reporting the new-born calf to be dead, but actually selling it off; reporting a cow to be sick or injured and the need to slaughter it, but actually slaughtering it for meat; keeping a cow in the same cage but transferring the ownership secretly; reporting cattle sold as lost or stolen. And there are many more types of misconducts.
There are three major keys to a successful breeding business that I would like to submit:
First, start with preparing pasture for feed materials. Cultivate king grass, star grass or elephant grass.
Second, make sure the animal is healthy by involving the veterinarian and cooperate with local government office on animal husbandry.
Third, it is important to involve women and children. They can prepare the feed, carry out the cattle herding or fill up the biogas reactor. Actually, cattle are more obedient to the women and children than to adult men.
Diah Asri Erowati, Center for Environmental Technology BPPT, Jakarta
Thank you for giving me an opportunity to provide inputs regarding etawa goat husbandry in a leprosy-related rehabilitation centre.
My competency is only in one part of husbandry which is producing cattle feed from agricultural processing waste; particularly conducting research and application of green silage technology to preserve greenery and bio-converting other agricultural wastes to produce cattle feed. These are the activities of my profession in the Center for Environmental Technology, in the Technology Assessment and Application Agency (BPPT) Jakarta . Since November 2008, we the alumni of Bogor Agricultural University , the Faculty of Veterinary, have been practising breeding cows in Cibungbunlang Leuwiliang, Bogor .
I would like to share some field experiences:
1. Human resource is the most important aspect in all animal husbandry businesses (chickens, cows, goats, birds quail, etc.)
2. Regarding rehabilitation of leprosy-related farmers, it needs a survey in the beginning using psychological tests to find out what kind of assistance they actually expect. This test must involve professional experts. Why do I emphasize this? Because, in order to rebuild their self-confidence through livelihood supports, top down assistance without considering their interests will be useless.
3. If a cattle breeding program is the main interest of leprosy-related beneficiaries (based on the findings of the review, and also they might have some experience in breeding activities, particularly with etawa goats), then it is necessary firstly to improve their skills in etawa goat breeding through training and directly practising. The training can be conducted in conjunction with local government office on animal husbandry or local university as it has been suggested by Harry Haryanto. (Response on 19 May 2009)
5. For references, I would rather submit some resource internet links; because I have limited skill and capacity regarding etawa goats. You may also contact the contributors of the content in these addresses:
http://kambingetawa.blogspot.com, http://www.kambingetawa.org, http://gunungkelir.com.
That is all from me, and I apologize since I don’t have direct experience in etawa goat husbandry.
Note: We can find these useful topics on the websites:
Planning on etawa goat breeding
Etawa goat - general characteristics of different types
Tips to buy etawa goat
Determining the age of etawa goat
Etawa goat’s feed
Etawa goat’s barns
Milk production from etawa goat
Maternity of etawa goat
Training on etawa goat’s breeding
and others
Iwan Rudi Saktiawan, Handicap International, Banda Aceh, Aceh
I am Iwan Rudi Saktiawan, a Livelihood Deputy Project Manager for Handicap International, Banda Aceh.
In most regions, the demand for meat is constant but may fluctuate within the year period. For example, in Aceh where people are mostly Muslim, there are special months when meat is consumed in large quantities. In ENT (East Nusa Tenggara) it might be adjusted to their particular religious traditions and different months.
Below I make several notes based on our experiences and give suggestions for improvement from the program implementation lesson learned.
1. Although most people feel it is easy to take care of goats and cattle assistance should be given before distributing the cows or goats in the form of training. Training conducted before the distribution will motivate people to attend the training. It could be said that the training is one of the eligibility criteria to receive further assistance. Training topics, of course, should not only be about livestock but also about family financial matters.
Training should be conducted by institutions that will remain in the area even after the training is completed as there should be continuity in communication between breeders and these training institutions. This is because once the training participants start their breeding activities after the training, they will still have many questions. This post-training communication will minimize the constraints that might occur in the field.
2. Although the economy of scale for the goat business is 20 (according to Harry, response on 19 May 2009), we should gradually increase the number of goats distributed, even if the organization has the financial ability to distribute goats in large numbers. Only targeting the quantity is usually less successful, because the ability of the community needs to grow naturally. They can not directly handle a large scale business.
3. It is better to carry out the distribution of livestock 3 to 4 months before the market’s high demand season. For the Muslims majority regions, it is 3 to 4 months before Ramadhan. If it is too early it will be less profitable. If it is too close, the increase in weight and the price difference will not be significant or not large enough. Therefore early or late distribution of livestock to the beneficiaries can cause a lower increase in revenue or income generating outcome.
4. Avoid distributing the livestock too close to a time when the family’s consumption level or spending is high due to the new school session. The livestock might be sold to pay the school tuition fees and new books. Also few days before Ramadhan, the livestock might be slaughtered for consumption even though its size might not yet be optimum for sale.
5. It is suggested to have collaboration with veterinarians or related government agencies to ensure the health of animal. Thus, the animal health budget can be also included in a support package with several alternatives: (1) it becomes part of the grant; (2) the health assistance is a grant, and the livestock covered by the loan; (3) it is included in the loan of the full loan.
6. Marketing assistance should be available. For example, sales offers can be announced in a simple way targeting friends who need livestock for qurban through internet groups. The idea is to expand the market and income from sales revenue.
7. Family financial management assistance. Breeders have fluctuating incomes. There are times when money is in short supply, but there are times when they have unusually large amounts of money. It happens frequently that they spend the money unwisely. Assistance on financial management will coach them to manage their income in a better way to be able to increase their livestock and at the same time improve their family welfare.
Safnal Rasyad Kabu, NGO’s Practitioner, Afulu, Nias, North Sumatera
I want to add some points in response to the query regarding the cow breeding business.
Indeed, distributing cows, which has been carried out by Pak Yahya Dikan, was a good program. People now have cows as additional assets. Moreover these are productive assets; they can produce more assets in the future. I would like to remind here that the program can do more than just creating a village with many cows. The cow breeding business must follow a development program for breeding methods that is more productive and efficient.
I would like to submit two suggestions here:
1. Collective Cow Breeding
Breeders should not carry out their activities individually, as by doing that each of them will use up all of their time taking care of only a maximum of 5 to 8 cows. But if they carry out their activities collectively, 150 cows can be handled by just five people. The cows will have to be put in special big barns and the same herding field. The appointed workers’ group will ensure the feed quality and livestock health.
(See also: http://primatani.litbang.deptan.go.id/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=179)
2. Utilizing Cattle’s Waste for Biogas
80kg of cow dung (mixed with water 1:1) will produce 1 m3 biogas. One adult cow will make 5-10 kg cow dung per day. So, four cows can provide fuel gas for a family of 5 persons.
Composted material wasted from the biogas reactor is a fertilizing material which is also free from weed’s seed (because of the heat in the reactor) and can be use as fertilizer for plants that are susceptible to weeds. (See also: http://www.litbang.deptan.go.id/berita/one/655/)
For more information, colleagues can read on the websites mentioned above.
Many Thanks to all who contributed to this Query!
If you have further information to share on this topic, please send it to thamrincare@yahoo.co.id with the subject heading “Re: [se-ecdv-id] Query: Livelihood Development through Animal Husbandry for Leprosy-related Rehabilitation - Experiences. Additional Reply”.
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